Informatics Publishing Limited

M. Santhosh ¹, B. Stephen Charles ², M. N. Giri Prasad ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Stanley Stephen College of Engineering & Technology, Kurnool, IN
2 Stanley Stephen College of Engineering and Technology, Kurnool, IN
3 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, JNTUCE, JNTUA, Anantapur, IN

Abstract

Image is a two dimensional plot of intensity information. A digital image is a collection of numbers representing the intensity values. The digital image is stored primarily as a matrix (more specifically as an array of multi-dimension). Hence the processing of the image is done primarily on this representation of the image. Because this representation is a raw data of pixels and distributed along the plane non-uniformly, one cannot apply any operation more effectively. The aim of this paper is to analyze the wavelet representation of an image. In this paper, the representation of image by wavelets is presented and verified the effectiveness of the representation by performing compression on the new representation. This paper proposes a new composite design metric to analyze image compression. The first generation wavelets Haar, Daubechies, Bioorthogonal, Coiflet, Symlet and Di-Meyer are considered. The work was tested on a large number of images and the results are presented.

Keywords

Image Representation, Wavelet, Compression, SPIHT.

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G. Chenchu Krishnaiah ¹, T. Jayachandra Prasad ², M. N. Giri Prasad ³

Affiliations
1 Department of ECE at Gokula Krishna College of Engg. Sullurpet- 524121, Nellore (Dist) A.P, IN
2 Rajeev Gandhi Memorial college of Engineering & Technology, Nandyal-518501, Kurnool (Dist) A.P, IN
3 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at J.N.T University College of Engineering. Anantapur-515002, Andhrapradesh, IN

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to examine a set of wavelet functions (wavelets) for implementation in an image compression system and to highlight the benefit of 15/6 lifting based wavelet transform relating to today‟s methods. This paper discusses important features of wavelet transform in compression of still images, including the extent to which the quality of image is degraded by the process of wavelet compression and decompression. Image quality is measured objectively, using peak signal-to-noise ratio or picture quality scale. The effects of different wavelet functions, image contents and compression ratios are assessed. A comparison with a 5/3 wavelet-transform-based compression system is given. Our results provide a good reference for application developers to choose a good wavelet compression system for their application.

Keywords

15/6 and 13/9 Lifting Based Wavelet Transforms, DWT, Image Compression, Lifting Scheme.

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V. Pani Kumar ¹, Fahimuddin Shaik ², M. N. Giri Prasad ³, B. Abdul Rahim ²

Affiliations
1 Department of ECE, AITS, Rajampet, IN
2 Department of ECE, AITS, Rajampet, Andhra Pradesh, IN
3 JNT University CE, Pulivendula, Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Acute leukemia is a type of cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal increase of immature white blood cells or blasts play important role for hematologists in their diagnostic process. The acute leukemia is divided into acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), depending on whether specific white blood cells called lymphocytes (or myelocytes), are involved. Leukemia images from looking at a sample of patient blood, can determine the abnormal levels of white blood cells, to process a acute leukemia images so that the result is more suitable than the original image for a medical application. However, there are blurriness and effects of unwanted noise on blood leukemia images that sometimes result in false diagnosis. To over come this problem image pre-processing such as image enhancement techniques are needed. The results show that the global contrast stretching is the best technique that helps to improve the image quality.

Keywords

Image Enhancement, Contrast Stretching, Local Contrast, Global Contrast, Partial Contrast, Bright Contrast, Dark Contrast, Acute Leukemia.

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A. Soma Sekhar ¹, M. N. Giri Prasad ²

Affiliations
1 Department of ECE, Annamacharya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Rajampet, Andhra Pradesh, IN
2 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, College of Engineering, Pulivendula, Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

In recent year, there has been a growing interest in merging images obtained using multiple sensors in academia, industry, and military due to the important role it plays in the applications related to these fields. Image fusion, a class of data fusion, aims at combining two or more source images from the same scene into an image that retains the most important salient features present in all the source images according to a specific fusion scheme. The composite image should provide increased interpretation capabilities and significantly reduce both human and machine errors in detection and object recognition. Edge detection is a common approach for detection of meaningful discontinuities in gray levels.
Automatic boundary detection with in an image is a challenging task. Humans are very good as their visual system makes this task possible within a moment whereas considerable efforts are required for machines to replicate the same or somewhat nearer. This paper presents an innovative way to apply canny edge detection on fused image for analyzing the fusion methods and finding which method is best among all which are discussed in this. In this paper Averaging method, Wavelet based methods like orthogonal, bi-orthogonal and non orthogonal, Wavelet Principal Component Analysis (WPCA) and Laplacian transform Wavelet transform fusion is more formally defined by considering the wavelet transforms for the two registered input images together with the fusion rule., In this paper the canny edge detection on different fused images are compared visually and statistically. The work is also supplemented by algorithms, which help us analyze the output qualitatively on attributes like Entropy, mean, Standard deviation, Covariance Correlation Coefficient.

Keywords

Fusion, Canny Edge Detection, Averaging, Orthogonal, Biorthogonal, Non-Orthogonal, WPCA Transform, Laplacian.

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J. Chinna Babu ¹, C. Chinnapu Reddy ², M. N. Giri Prasad ³

Affiliations
1 A. I. T. S. Rajampet, Kadapa - 516126, Andhra Pradesh, IN
2 TEQIP-II, SPFU AP, Hyderabad - 500 063, Andhra Pradesh, IN
3 JNTU, Anantapuram - 515002, Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The main aim of the proposed design is to optimize the consumption in chip area by improving the error performance by detection and correction. Generally, it is difficult to implement the VLSI based decoding of Geometric LDPC codes because of high complexity and large memory requirements. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In this proposed design architecture we have considered the Soft-Bit Flipping (SBF) algorithm employed here utilizes reliability estimation to improve error performance and it has advantages of Bit Flipping (BF) algorithms. Findings: This proposed design architecture is compared for different technologies using Leonardo spectrum software in Mentor Graphics Tools. We can also obtain the area and delay reports using this tool and optimization of the design is being proposed. Application/Improvement: In future works, this algorithm can be improved with still more security level by having a trade off between performance and data transmission. It can also enhanced by implementing it in real time applications for data decoding and correction, for smaller size datum.

Keywords

IOB, Leonardo Spectrum, MG (Mentor Graphics), SBF (Soft Bit Flipping).

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Tammineni Sreelatha ¹, M. V. Subramanyam ², M. N. Giri Prasad ¹

Affiliations
1 Dept. of ECE, JNTUA, Ananthapuramu, AP, IN
2 Santhiram Engineering College, Nandyal, AP, IN

Abstract

Melanoma is the most dangerous form of skin cancer and is responsible for more than 70 percent of skin cancer deaths. Melanomas develop from malignant melanocytes. Based on the years lost to cancer, melanoma would merit a higher ranking because relatively young people are affected by this malignancy. Melanoma is usually diagnosed in patients of a relatively young age; overall, the total number of patients suffering from melanoma is accumulating. Consequently, the total burden of melanoma is assumed to be increasing among Caucasian populations. As the overall burden of melanoma is increasing; prognosis strongly depends on the stage at diagnosis; and, most importantly, effective treatments for advanced stages are lacking, there is a high potential benefit for the prevention of melanoma. However, most of the established risk factors for melanoma, such as fair skin type, freckles, light eye color, older age, history of sun burns, clinical atypical nevi, prior melanoma, and family history of melanoma, are not amenable to intervention. Only sun burns and sun exposure are, at least in theory, amenable. Indeed, sun protection measures are part of melanoma prevention programs. In some high risk countries comprehensive sun protection programs have been implemented over a decade ago and sun screen use is widely promoted to the general public. These public health campaigns have increased awareness on skin cancer and the adverse events of excessive sun exposure, but failed to change the sun exposure behavior in the general population. Various researchers have shown their interest in early detection of melanoma and immense amount of work has been provided for the diagnosis of melanoma. In this paper the various methods in the process of early detection were discussed and the merits and demerits of the corresponding methods were present.

Keywords

Melanoma, Skin Cancer, Early Detection, Dermoscopy, Skin Lesion, Survey.

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